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The Act and tariffs imposed by America's trading partners in retaliation were major factors of the reduction of American exports and imports by 67% during the Great Depression. [5] Economists and economic historians have a consensus view that the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff worsened the effects of the Great Depression. [6]
Tariffs have historically served a key role in the trade policy of the United States.Their purpose was to generate revenue for the federal government and to allow for import substitution industrialization (industrialization of a nation by replacing imports with domestic production) by acting as a protective barrier around infant industries. [1]
The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was an act of the United States Congress, framed by then Representative William McKinley, that became law on October 1, 1890. [1] The tariff raised the average duty on imports to almost 50%, an increase designed to protect domestic industries and workers from foreign competition, as ...
Smoot-Hawley ultimately raised tariffs on tens of thousands of products, and trade policy analyst Bill Krist points out that by the end of 1934, global trade had tanked by 66% from 1929 levels.
At the height of the Great Depression, Congress created a program to help American businesses ease the pain of crippling tariffs.
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According to Michael Lind, protectionism was America's de facto policy from the passage of the Tariff of 1816 to World War II, "switching to free trade only in 1945". [2] There was a brief episode of free trade from 1846, coinciding with the zenith of classical liberalism in Europe, during which American tariffs were lowered.
Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (1959). scholarly history online; Watkins, T. H. The Great Depression: America in the 1930s. (2009) online; popular history. Wecter, Dixon. The Age of the Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1948), scholarly social history online; Wicker, Elmus. The Banking Panics of the Great Depression (1996) White, Eugene N.