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A proton pump is an integral membrane protein pump that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane.Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction: H + [on one side of a biological membrane] + energy ⇌ H +
Gene regulatory pathway. In genetics, a regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5') to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate.
The term genome was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, [8] professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany.The website Oxford Dictionaries and the Online Etymology Dictionary suggest the name is a blend of the words gene and chromosome.
In biology, electrochemical gradients allow cells to control the direction ions move across membranes. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients generate a chemiosmotic potential used to synthesize ATP, [1] and the sodium-potassium gradient helps neural synapses quickly transmit information. [citation needed]
[7] The inner lining of the seminal vesicles (the epithelium) is made of a lining of interspersed column-shaped and cube-shaped cells. [8] There are varying descriptions of the lining as being pseudostratified and consisting of column-shaped cells only. [9] When viewed under a microscope, the cells are seen to have large bubbles in their interior.
[7] One of the most critical components of cells, the ribosome, is composed primarily of RNA. Although alternative chemical paths to life have been proposed, [8] and RNA-based life may not have been the first life to exist, [3] [9] the RNA world hypothesis seems to be the most favored abiogenesis paradigm. However, even proponents agree that ...
The scheme below represents a very efficient way of the synthesis of (+)-muscarine according to the scientists Chan and Li in the Canadian journal of Chemistry in 1992. [7] S-(−)-Ethyl lactate (2)(Figure 4) is converted into the 2,6-dichlorobenzyl ether (3).
Structure of the trp operon. The trp operon is a group of genes that are transcribed together, encoding the enzymes that produce the amino acid tryptophan in bacteria. The trp operon was first characterized in Escherichia coli, and it has since been discovered in many other bacteria. [1]