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As of April 2022 the average gender pay gap is 8.3%, [176] although men get paid less than women for part-time work. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] The gap varies considerably from −4.4% (women employed part-time without overtime out earn men) to 26% (for UK women employed full-time aged 50 – 59). [ 177 ]
However, in a study conducted by a Montreal organization, PINAY, together with the McGill University School of Social Work, it was found that in 25% of the 148 live-in caregivers studied, employers did not sign a contract at all, and 43% claimed that they weren't paid for overtime work. [47]
The UNDP Women and Development Report of 1995 conducted a time-use study that analyzed the amount of time women and men spend on paid and unpaid household and community work in thirty-one countries across the world, including countries classified as 'industrial, 'developing' and 'transition economies.' [19] They found that in almost every ...
A paper rejecting statistics of the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions as "the main source of tendentious polemics on women’s unfair burden and gender inequality", states that the idea of a double burden is a myth and concludes instead that "on average, women and men across Europe do the same total number ...
One study on the effect of shift work on sleep is enrolling healthcare workers who work regular eight-hour overnight shifts and are 50-65 years old. This study is conducted completely remotely, so ...
The amount of caregiving which is done as unpaid work exceeds the amount done as work for hire. [69] In the United States, for example, a 1997 study estimated the labor value of unpaid caregiving at US$196 billion, while the formal home health care work sector generated US$32 billion and nursing home care generated US$83 billion. [ 69 ]
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The payment of wages for housework would also require capital to pay for the immense amount of unpaid care work (undertaken largely by women) that currently reproduces the labor force. According to a report by Oxfam and the Institute for Women's Policy Research, the monetary value of unpaid care work is estimated at nearly $11 trillion a year.