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The two-dimensional measures above find one-dimensional counterparts in straightness measures, [5] defined by ISO 12780 on a cross-section (the plane curve resulting from the intersection of the surface of interest and a plane spanned by the surface normal): least squares reference line; minimum zone reference lines; local straightness deviation
Example of true position geometric control defined by basic dimensions and datum features. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances via a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated 3D models that describes a physical object's nominal geometry and the permissible variation thereof.
Whereas dial test indicators will give a foreshortened reading if their tips are on an angle to the surface being measured (cosine error), a drawing callout of FIM is defined as referring to the distance traveled by the extremity of the tip—not by the lesser amount that its lever-like action moves the needle.
Engineers analyze tolerances for the purpose of evaluating geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). Methods include 2D tolerance stacks, 3D Monte Carlo simulations , and datum conversions. Tolerance stackups or tolerance stacks are used to describe the problem-solving process in mechanical engineering of calculating the effects of the ...
Geometrical Product Specification and Verification (GPS&V) [1] is a set of ISO standards developed by ISO Technical Committee 213. [2] The aim of those standards is to develop a common language to specify macro geometry (size, form, orientation, location) and micro-geometry (surface texture) of products or parts of products so that the language can be used consistently worldwide.
An electronic autocollimator can be used in the measurement of straightness of machine components (such as guide ways) or the straightness of lines of motion of machine components. Flatness measurement of granite surface plates, for example, can be performed by measuring straightness of multiple lines along the flat surface, then summing the ...
Configurations with a high numerical aperture can measure on relatively steep flanks. Multiple sensors, with the same or different measurement ranges, can be used simultaneously, allowing differential measurement approaches (TTV) or expanding the use case of a system. Contact profilometer: this method is the most common surface measurement ...
Radial run-out is caused by the tool being translated off the machine axis, still parallel. Radial run-out will measure the same all along the machine axis. Axial run-out is caused by the tool or component being at an angle to the axis. Axial run-out causes the tip of the tool or shaft to rotate off-centre relative to the base.