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The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on the substance or circumstance. Many vasoconstrictors also cause pupil dilation. Medications that cause vasoconstriction include: antihistamines, decongestants, and stimulants. Severe vasoconstriction may result in symptoms of intermittent claudication. [1]
Compare these effects to those seen in Conn's disease, an adrenocortical tumor which causes excess release of aldosterone, [52] that leads to hypertension. [53] [54] [55] Another adrenal related cause is Cushing's syndrome which is a disorder caused by high levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands.
Angiotensin II treated patients are at an increased risk of thromboembolic events.There was a higher incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic and thromboembolic events in patients who received angiotensin II compared to placebo treated patients in the ATHOS-3 study [13% (21/163 patients) vs. 5% (8/158 patients)]. [9]
Since β 2 adrenergic receptors can cause vascular smooth muscle dilation, beta blockers may cause some vasoconstriction. However, this effect tends to be small because the activity of β 2 receptors is overshadowed by the more dominant vasoconstricting α 1 receptors.
Alpha 1 blockers cause vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscles that control blood vessel diameter, leading to lower blood pressure. [1] FDA-approved uses of these drugs include treating conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia , hypertension , pheochromocytoma , extravasation management, and reversal of local anesthesia .
Some of these drugs have a uricosuric effect. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Angiotensin II, through AT 1 receptor stimulation, is a major stress hormone and, because (ARBs) block these receptors, in addition to their eliciting anti-hypertensive effects, may be considered for the treatment of stress-related disorders .
These drugs inhibit the first and rate-limiting step of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), namely the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. This leads to a totality in absence of angiotensin II based on the rationale that renin only acts to inhibit this step unlike Angiotensin Converting Enzyme which is also involved ...
Vasoactive drug therapy is typically used when a patient has the blood pressure and heart rate monitored constantly. The dosage is typically titrated (adjusted up or down) to achieve a desired effect or range of values as determined by competent clinicians. Vasoactive drugs are typically administered using a volumetric infusion device (IV pump).