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History of sundials. World's oldest known sundial, from Egypt's Valley of the Kings (c. 1500 BC), used to measure work hours. [1][2][3] A sundial is a device that indicates time by using a light spot or shadow cast by the position of the Sun on a reference scale. [4] As the Earth turns on its polar axis, the sun appears to cross the sky from ...
A blast furnace converts raw iron oxide into iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron. The earliest specimens of cast iron found in China date to the 5th century BCE during the late Spring and Autumn period, yet the oldest discovered blast furnaces date to the 3rd century BCE and the majority date to the period after ...
Metallurgy in China has a long history, with the earliest metal objects in China dating back to around 3,000 BCE. The majority of early metal items found in China come from the North-Western Region (mainly Gansu and Qinghai, 青海). China was the earliest civilization to use the blast furnace and produce cast iron. [1]
Among the engineering accomplishments of early China were matches, dry docks, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the iron plough, the horse collar, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the sluice gate, and the pound lock.
Largely discovered in 1986, [2] following a preliminary finding in 1927, [3] archaeologists excavated artifacts that radiocarbon dating placed in the 12th-11th centuries BC. [4] The archaeological site is the type site for the Sanxingdui culture that produced these artifacts, archeologists have identified the locale with the ancient kingdom of ...
Cast iron was first produced in China during 5th century BC, [106] but was hardly in Europe until the medieval period. [107] [108] The earliest cast iron artifacts were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture. [109]
Cast iron. Cast iron is a class of iron – carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. [1] Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its carbon appears: white cast iron has its carbon combined into an iron carbide named ...
Roughly three-quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), informally called a yellow dwarf, though its light is actually white.