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  2. List of common misconceptions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions

    Pterosaurs (informally called pterodactyls) are often called "flying dinosaurs" by popular media and the general public, but while pterosaurs were closely related to dinosaurs, dinosaurs are defined as the descendants of the last common ancestor of the Saurischia and the Ornithischia, which excludes the pterosaurs.

  3. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Equivocation – using a term with more than one meaning in a statement without specifying which meaning is intended. [21] Ambiguous middle term – using a middle term with multiple meanings. [22] Definitional retreat – changing the meaning of a word when an objection is raised. [23]

  4. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    The term belief perseverance, however, was coined in a series of experiments using what is called the "debriefing paradigm": participants read fake evidence for a hypothesis, their attitude change is measured, then the fakery is exposed in detail. Their attitudes are then measured once more to see if their belief returns to its previous level.

  5. List of topics characterized as pseudoscience - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics...

    2012 phenomenon – a range of eschatological beliefs that cataclysmic or otherwise transformative events would occur on or around 21 December 2012. This date was regarded as the end-date of a 5,126-year-long cycle in the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar and as such, festivities to commemorate the date took place on 21 December 2012 in the countries that were part of the Maya civilization ...

  6. List of commonly misused English words - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commonly_misused...

    Non-standard: After finding the suspected bomb, Pennsylvania state police were called in to diffuse it. [45] desert and dessert. As a verb, desert means to abandon. As a noun, desert is a barren or uninhabited place; an older meaning of the word is "what one deserves", as in the idiom just deserts. A dessert is the last course of a meal.

  7. Illusory truth effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_truth_effect

    Specifically, the participants were asked to grade their belief in the truth of each statement on a scale of one to seven. While the participants' confidence in the truth of the non-repeated statements remained steady, their confidence in the truth of the repeated statements increased from the first to the second and second to third sessions ...

  8. Argument from ignorance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance

    Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, [a] is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false because of a lack of evidence to the contrary. The fallacy is committed when one asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false ...

  9. Media bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias

    Assessing possible bias is one aspect of media literacy, which is studied at schools of journalism, university departments (including media studies, cultural studies, and peace studies). Other focuses beyond political bias include international differences in reporting, as well as bias in reporting of particular issues such as economic class or ...