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Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein across the spectrum of eukaryotic species, found in plants, animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms. This, along with its small size (molecular weight about 12,000 daltons), [7] makes it useful in studies of cladistics. [8] Cytochrome c has been studied for the glimpse it gives into evolutionary ...
Small soluble cytochrome c proteins with a molecular weight of 8-12 kDa and a single heme group belong to class I. [10] [11] It includes the low-spin soluble cytC of mitochondria and bacteria, with the heme-attachment site located towards the N-terminus, and the sixth ligand provided by a methionine residue about 40 residues further on towards the C-terminus.
Complex III itself is composed of several subunits, one of which is a b-type cytochrome while another one is a c-type cytochrome. Both domains are involved in electron transfer within the complex. Complex IV contains a cytochrome a/a3-domain that transfers electrons and catalyzes the reaction of oxygen to water.
Structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from Rhodopseudomonas viridis ). Middle transmembrane section is the two subunits in this family; green blocks represent chlorophyll. Top section is the 4-heme (red) cytochrome c subunit (infobox below). The bottom section along with its connected TM helices is the H subunit.
Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase is also known as cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome bc 1 complex, or simply complex III. [35] [36] In mammals, this enzyme is a dimer, with each subunit complex containing 11 protein subunits, an [2Fe-2S] iron–sulfur cluster and three cytochromes: one cytochrome c 1 and two b cytochromes. [37]
The H subunit, shown in gold, lies on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. A cytochrome subunit, not shown here, contains four c-type hemes and is located on the periplasmic surface (outer) of the membrane. The latter sub-unit is not a general structural motif in photosynthetic bacteria.
For the past few decades, the common view was that a trimeric multiheme c-type HAO converts hydroxylamine into nitrite in the periplasm with production of four electrons . The stream of four electrons is channeled through cytochrome c 554 to a membrane-bound cytochrome c 552. Two of the electrons are routed back to AMO, where they are used for ...
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was EC 1.9.3.1, now reclassified as a translocase EC 7.1.1.9) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes.