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Portrait of Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich (c. 1808), by anonymous painter after Johann Friedrich August Tischbein, located in the Russian Museum, Saint PetersburgNicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina, the ninth child of Grand Duke Paul, heir to the Russian throne, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg).
Nicholas, unbreeched at two years old, with his mother, Maria Feodorovna, in 1870 Grand Duke Nicholas was born on 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868, in the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo south of Saint Petersburg, during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Emperor Alexander II.
The idea of petitioning the tsar was first expressed by G. Gapon in early 1904. In his memoirs he recalled that this idea was inspired by conversations with E. A. Naryshkina, a lady-in-waiting at the court of Tsar Nicholas II. According to her, Nicholas II was a kind and honest man, but he lacked firmness of character.
The Willy-Nicky letters consist of 75 messages Wilhelm sent to Nicholas between 8 November 1894 (Letter I) and 26 March 1914 (Letter LXXV). The majority were sent from Berlin or the Neues Palais in Potsdam, and others from places as diverse as Rominten, Coburg, Letzlingen, Wilhelmshöhe, Kiel, Posen, Pillau, Gaeta, Corfu (where Wilhelm had a summer retreat), Stamboul, and Damascus.
Alexandra Feodorovna (Russian: Александра Фёдоровна; 6 June [O.S. 25 May] 1872 – 17 July 1918), born Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, was the last Empress of Russia as the consort of Tsar Nicholas II from their marriage on 26 November [O.S. 14 November] 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March [O.S. 2 March] 1917.
Nicholas I (reigned 1825–55) made Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality the main Imperialist doctrine of his reign. Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (Russian: Правосла́вие, самодержа́вие, наро́дность; transliterated: Pravoslávie, samoderzhávie, naródnost'), also known as Official Nationalism, [1] [2] was the dominant Imperial ideological doctrine ...
The road to Teheran: the story of Russia and America, 1781-1943 (1945) online; Fremon, David K. The Alaska Purchase in American history (1999) for secondary schools online; Golder, Frank A. "The American Civil War Through the Eyes of A Russian Diplomat" American Historical Review 26#3 (1921), pp. 454–463 online, about ambassador Stoeckl
Under Tsar Nicholas II (reigned 1894–1917), the Russian Empire slowly industrialized while repressing opposition from the center and the far-left.During the 1890s Russia's industrial development led to a large increase in the size of the urban middle class and of the working class, which gave rise to a more dynamic political atmosphere. [1]