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The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., [6] was protium (H or 1 H 1) and deuterium (D or 1 H 2) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusion. [7 ...
In muon-catalyzed fusion there are more fusions because the presence of the muon causes deuterium nuclei to be 207 times closer than in ordinary deuterium gas. [138] But deuterium nuclei inside a palladium lattice are further apart than in deuterium gas, and there should be fewer fusion reactions, not more. [133]
Penning fusion (PFX, LANL) Plasma jets (HyperV, Chantilly) Magnetized target fusion with mechanical compression (General Fusion, Burnaby) Field-reversed colliding beams (Tri-Alpha) Muon-catalyzed fusion (Berkeley, Alvarez) Dense Plasma Focus (Focus fusion, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Lerner) Rotating lithium wall (RWE, Maryland)
Muon-catalyzed fusion is a technical application of muonic atoms. Other muonic atoms can be formed when negative muons interact with ordinary matter. [4] The muon in muonic atoms can either decay or get captured by a proton. Muon capture is very important in heavier muonic atoms, but shortens the muon's lifetime from 2.2 μs to only 0.08 μs. [4]
Articles dealing specifically with using this process to produce useful power are contained in the subcategory Fusion power. Articles about nuclear processes that are speculative or poorly understood (like cold fusion ), or whose potential for power production is remote (like muon-catalyzed fusion ) are kept in the main category.
Muon decay almost always produces at least three particles, which must include an electron of the same charge as the muon and two types of neutrinos. Like all elementary particles, the muon has a corresponding antiparticle of opposite charge (+1 e) but equal mass and spin: the antimuon (also called a positive muon). Muons are denoted by μ −
Fusion reactions can be categorized according to their neutronicity: the fraction of the fusion energy released as energetic neutrons. The State of New Jersey defined an aneutronic reaction as one in which neutrons carry no more than 1% of the total released energy, [20] although many papers on the subject [21] include reactions that do not meet this criterion.
Muon-catalyzed fusion was a field of some interest during the 1980s as a potential energy source; however, its low energy output appears to be unavoidable (because of alpha-muon sticking losses). Jones led a research team that, in 1986, achieved 150 fusions per muon (average), releasing over 2,600 MeV of fusion energy per muon , a record which ...