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The Lowell mill girls were young female workers who came to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of New England farmers, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. [ 1 ]
Boston Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Massachusetts The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed during the rise of the textile industry in the United States, particularly in New England, during the rapid expansion of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century.
Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the realm of domestic life, focused on childcare, housekeeping and religion. [2] [3] In Europe and North America, [4] the idealization of separate spheres emerged during the Industrial Revolution. As an observable phenomenon, however, the existence of separate spheres is much older.
The Factories Act 1847, also known as the ten-hour bill, made it law that women and young people worked not more than ten hours a day and a maximum of 63 hours a week. The last two major factory acts of the Industrial Revolution were introduced in 1850 and 1856. After these acts, factories could no longer dictate working hours for women and ...
Women were also commonly employed in the textile mills that sprang up during the Industrial Revolution in such cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Birmingham. Working for a wage was often done from the home in London, although many women worked as " hawkers " or street vendors, who sold such things as watercress , lavender , flowers or herbs that ...
Surplus women is a phrase coined during the Industrial Revolution referring to a perceived excess of unmarried ... due to the extended life expectancy of women, the ...
During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829. [ 109 ]
Women's historians have debated the impact of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women. [36] [37] [38] Taking a pessimistic view, Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England, it made a negative impact on the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance. Clark argues ...