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Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
The Tusi couple, a mathematical device invented by the Persian polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi to model the not perfectly circular motions of the planets. Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in ...
[2] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ilm" is understood as the antithesis of "djahl," which means "ignorance." [4] The word "ilm" is the most comprehensive term for "knowledge" in Arabic. While it is sometimes considered synonymous with "marifa" and "shuūr," there are notable distinctions in their usage. The verb associated with "ilm ...
Hujjat al-Islam (Arabic: حجة الإسلام, romanized: ḥujjat ul-Islām, Persian: حجةالاسلام or حجتالاسلام, romanized: hojjat-ol-Eslām) is an Islamic honorific title which translates in English to "authority on Islam" or "proof of Islam".
[4] [5] Further studies indicate the worldwide spread and percentage growth of Islam, may be attributed to high birth rates followed by a trend of worldwide adoption and conversion to Islam. [3] [6] Most Muslims fall under either of two main branches: Sunni (87–90%, roughly 1.7 billion people) [7] Shia (10–13%, roughly 180–230 million ...
Criticism of Islam has been aimed at the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, in both his public and personal lives. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the scriptures of Islam , both the Quran and the hadiths , are also discussed by critics. [ 7 ]
The Shafi'i school or Shafi'i Madhhab (Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
Jewish Kalam was an early medieval style of Jewish philosophy that evolved in response to Kalam in Islam, which in turn was a reaction against Aristotelianism.. The term "Jewish Kalam" is used by modern historians, but is not a term by which Jewish thinkers designated themselves.