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In a notable study of power conducted by social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven in 1959, power is divided into five separate and distinct forms. [1] [2] They identified those five bases of power as coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert.
Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of threats, including threats to use force against that party. [1] [2] [need quotation to verify] [3] It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the free will of an individual in order to induce a desired response.
Implying or threatening that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments – these are characteristics of using coercive power. Extensive use of coercive power is rarely appropriate in an organizational setting, and relying on these forms of power alone will result in a very cold, impoverished style of ...
[3] [2] Successful instances of coercive diplomacy in one case may have a deterrent effect on other states, [6] [7] [3] whereas a reputation for a lack of resolve may undermine general deterrence [8] and future compellence. [9] Successful coercive diplomacy entails clearly communicated threats, a cost-benefit calculus, credibility, and ...
Hard power encompasses a wide range of coercive policies, such as coercive diplomacy, economic sanctions, military action, and the forming of military alliances for deterrence and mutual defense. Hard power can be used to establish or change a state of political hegemony or balance of power.
Controlling behavior in relationships are behaviors exhibited by an individual who seeks to gain and maintain control over another person. [1] [2] [3] Abusers may utilize tactics such as intimidation or coercion, and may seek personal gain, personal gratification, and the enjoyment of exercising power and control. [4]
“Coercive control is the very definition of domestic violence,” said Tara Huard, director of domestic violence services at the YWCA of Central Massachusetts, who described the escalation process.
Coercive Power: A person with coercive power has the ability to inflict punishments (e.g., fire you). Expert Power : Expert power is based on what a person knows (e.g., you may do what a doctor tells you to do because they know more about medicine than you do).