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Streptococcus is a genus of gram-positive or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota. [2] Cell division in streptococci occurs along a single axis , thus when growing they tend to form pairs or chains, which may appear bent or twisted.
It is the first step of viral replication. Some viruses attach to the cell membrane of the host cell and inject its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection. Attachment to a host cell is often achieved by a virus attachment protein that extends from the protein shell (), of a virus.
COVID-19 is more infectious than influenza, but less so than measles. [34] Estimates of the number of people infected by one person with COVID-19—the basic reproduction number (R 0)—have varied. In November 2020, a systematic review estimated R 0 of the original Wuhan strain to be approximately 2.87 (95% CI, 2.39 – 3.44). [90]
Each type of protein is a specialist that usually only performs one function, so if a cell needs to do something new, it must make a new protein. Viruses force the cell to make new proteins that the cell does not need, but are needed for the virus to reproduce. Protein synthesis consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. [34]
Scanning electron micrograph of SARS virions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms, [13] mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia.
The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines do this by causing the body to create a piece of a protein similar to one found in the coronavirus. (The protein that the body creates in response to the mRNA vaccine is ...
Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. [114] Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and some bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 17 minutes. [ 115 ]
Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R 0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5, [58] but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). [59] In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants.