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Hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI is a functional medical imaging technique for probing perfusion and metabolism using injected substrates.. It is enabled by techniques for hyperpolarization of carbon-13-containing molecules using dynamic nuclear polarization and rapid dissolution to create an injectable solution.
Hyperpolarization is the spin polarization of the atomic nuclei of a material in a magnetic field far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions determined by the Boltzmann distribution. [1] It can be applied to gases such as 129 Xe and 3 He , and small molecules where the polarization levels can be enhanced by a factor of 10 4 –10 5 above thermal ...
The hyperpolarization creates a large signal intensity, and the wide range of chemical shifts allows for identifying when the 129 Xe associates with molecules like hemoglobin. 129 Xe is preferred over 131 Xe for MRI because 129 Xe has spin 1/2 (compared to 3/2 for 131 Xe), a longer T1, and 3.4 times larger gyromagnetic ratio (11.78 MHz/T). [3]
In 1994, the first studies on hyperpolarized (HP) gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were carried out using the noble gas isotope 129-Xenon (129 Xe). [13]In 1997, Mugler and colleagues used 129 Xe to conduct the first studies in humans. [14]
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of several hyperpolarization methods developed to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.While an essential analytical tool with applications in several fields, NMR’s low sensitivity poses major limitations to analyzing samples with low concentrations and limited masses and volumes. [1]
Hyperpolarization is a change in membrane potential. Neuroscientists measure it using a technique known as patch clamping that allows them to record ion currents passing through individual channels. This is done using a glass micropipette, also called a patch pipette, with a 1 micrometer diameter.
In the following years, Hidromek was engaged in the business of producing and assembling loader and digger attachments on the agricultural tractors and converting them into a construction machine. In 1989, Hidromek produced its first original machine, the first backhoe loader. In 1999, Hidromek made its first international sale to Tunisia.
[1] The company was founded when Ugur Cooling started ice cream machine production in Nazilli in 1954. Today, the company produces a range of equipment including deep freezers to bottled water coolers , motorcycles, scooters and cosmetics , with the company operating Europe's second-biggest refrigeration plant in Nazilli. [ 2 ]