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Base32 is an encoding method based on the base-32 numeral system.It uses an alphabet of 32 digits, each of which represents a different combination of 5 bits (2 5).Since base32 is not very widely adopted, the question of notation—which characters to use to represent the 32 digits—is not as settled as in the case of more well-known numeral systems (such as hexadecimal), though RFCs and ...
VeraCrypt's block cipher mode of operation is XTS. [13] It generates the header key and the secondary header key (XTS mode) using PBKDF2 with a 512- bit salt . By default they go through 200,000 to 500,000 iterations, depending on the underlying hash function used and whether it is system or non-system encryption. [ 14 ]
An Adler-32 checksum is obtained by calculating two 16-bit checksums A and B and concatenating their bits into a 32-bit integer. A is the sum of all bytes in the stream plus one, and B is the sum of the individual values of A from each step. At the beginning of an Adler-32 run, A is initialized to 1, B to 0.
ICE is a 16-round Feistel network.Each round uses a 32→32 bit F function, which uses 60 bits of key material. The structure of the F function is somewhat similar to DES: The input is expanded by taking overlapping fields, the expanded input is XORed with a key, and the result is fed to a number of reducing S-boxes which undo the expansion.
The 32-bit input x of (,,) is divided into two 16-bit halves = ‖, and passed through three rounds of a Feistel network. In each of the three rounds (indexed by j that takes values 1, 2, and 3) the left half is modified to get the new right half and the right half is made the left half of the next round.
The key selects which S-boxes are used. The patent describes the execution of the cipher operating on 24 bits at a time, and also a sequential version operating on 8 bits at a time. Another variant by John L. Smith from the same year [3] uses a 64-bit key operating on a 32-bit block, using one addition mod 4 and a singular 4-bit S-box. The ...
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication.It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military.
BTEA will encode or decode n words as a single block where n > 1 v is the n word data vector; k is the 4 word key; n is negative for decoding; if n is zero result is 1 and no coding or decoding takes place, otherwise the result is zero; assumes 32 bit 'long' and same endian coding and decoding