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In the period before the Civil War, a U.S. Army light artillery battery was organized with four M1841 6-pounder field guns and two M1841 12-pounder howitzers. [1] The field gun fired solid iron cannon balls in a flat trajectory to smash its targets [2] while the howitzer was designed to lob hollow shells into massed formations or fortifications. [3]
The "12-pounder Napoleon" was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. It was the last cast bronze gun used by an American army. The Union version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, called the muzzle swell. Confederate Napoleons were produced in at ...
The French "Canon obusier de campagne de 12 modèle 1853", on display in Les Invalides. The canon obusier de 12, introduced in the French Army in 1853, an early type of canon obusier, or gun howitzer developed during the reign of Napoleon III, was the primary cannon used in the American Civil War, under the name of 12-pounder Napoleon Model 1857.
Some 6-pounder field guns were converted to 12- or 14-pounder James rifles. [33] The 32-pounder howitzer was too heavy to be employed as field artillery and the one battery using them was soon rearmed with 3-inch Ordnance rifles. [34] The 12-pounder Blakely rifle had a particularly violent recoil and fell out of favor. [35]
The battery started its service with four M1841 6-pounder smoothbore guns and two 12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzers. By July 1863 it had acquired four M1857 12-pounder Napoleon Guns, and, by the Atlanta Campaign, it had acquired a total of six 12-pounder Napoleon Guns. Three of the Napoleon Guns were named by the battery after Orphan Brigade ...
Mordecai praised the Canon obusier de 12 gun-howitzer, which soon afterward was manufactured in the United States as the M1857 12-pounder Napoleon. [11] [12] Alexander Rose notes that Mordecai's report is a "masterpiece of unbiased scholarship" but that he was curiously dismissive of repeaters and breechloaders.
M1857 12-pounder Napoleon gun, of the type used by the 1st Mississippi Light Infantry, at Vicksburg National Military Park. Active: 1862-1865: Country
QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun, British "Long 12" of 1890s–1940s; QF 12 pounder 12 cwt AA gun, British AA gun of World War I; QF 12 pounder 18 cwt naval gun, British naval gun of 1904–1920s; RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun, British field gun of 1859; Twelve-pound cannon, cannon sized for a 12-pound ball, see Naval artillery in the Age of ...