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Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically . Natural patterns include symmetries , trees , spirals , meanders , waves , foams , tessellations , cracks and stripes. [ 1 ]
The Kulturkreis (roughly, "culture circle" or "cultural field") school was a central idea of the early 20th-century German school of anthropology that sought to redirect the discipline away from the quest for an underlying, universal human nature toward a concern with the particular histories of individual societies. It was the notion of a ...
Examples of true stone circles include Long Meg and Her Daughters in Cumbria, henges with inner stones such as Avebury in Wiltshire, and The Merry Maidens in Cornwall. Stone circles are usually grouped in terms of the shape and size of the stones, the span of their radius, and their population within the local area.
There are 187 stone circles in the Republic of Ireland. The vast majority of these are in County Cork, which has 103 circles. There are 20 circles in County Kerry and 11 in County Mayo. [5] There is also a large fully intact stone circle in Grange in County Limerick, near Lough Gur [6] Grange [7]
The circle symbolizes unity and diversity in nature, and many Islamic patterns are drawn starting with a circle. [16] For example, the decoration of the 15th-century mosque in Yazd, Persia is based on a circle, divided into six by six circles drawn around it, all touching at its centre and each touching its two neighbours' centres to form a ...
Approximations of this are found in nature. Spirals which do not fit into this scheme of the first 5 examples: A Cornu spiral has two asymptotic points. The spiral of Theodorus is a polygon. The Fibonacci Spiral consists of a sequence of circle arcs. The involute of a circle looks like an Archimedean, but is not: see Involute#Examples.
Examples of stone circles are also found in the rest of Europe. The circle at Lough Gur , near Limerick in Ireland has been dated to the Beaker period, approximately contemporaneous with Stonehenge. The stone circles are assumed to be of later date than the tombs, straddling the Neolithic and the Bronze Ages .
The number of stone circles is often misinterpreted, as damaged burial mounds, kerb cairns, or ring cairns are often confused for stone circle. The archetypal ‘stone circles’ of the mid-to-late Neolithic are far rarer than commonly assumed, appearing mostly in Cumbria, Cornwall, Wiltshire, and Western Scotland.