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Detail from The Extraction of the Stone of Madness, a painting by Hieronymus Bosch depicting trepanation (c. 1488–1516). Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"), [1] [2] is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or ...
It can be of one of several dimensions and designs depending on what it is meant to be used for. They may be specially designed for obtaining a cylindrically shaped core of bone that can be used for tests and bone studies , cutting holes in bones (e.g., the skull ) or for cutting out a round piece of the cornea for eye surgery .
Trephination was when a small hole was drilled into a person's skull to let out demons, as that was an earlier belief for mental disorders. Bloodletting is when a certain amount of blood was drained out of a person, due to the belief that chemical imbalances resulted in mental disorders.
Trephination was a primitive skull surgery used by the Nazca that relieved pressure on the brain from battle wounds or for ritual purposes. It entails the removal of one or more sections of bone from the skull (while the person is still alive). Evidence of trephination has been seen through the analysis of excavated skulls.
Human skull with evidence of trepanation found at Monte Albán in Oaxaca, Mexico.. Trepanation in Mesoamerica has been practised by a number of pre-Columbian cultures in the Mesoamerican region, dating from at least the mid-Preclassic era (ca. 1500 BCE), and continuing up to the late Postclassic, or ca. 1200 CE.
The oldest operation for which evidence exists is trepanation [2] (also known as trepanning, trephination, trephining or burr hole from Greek τρύπανον and τρυπανισμός), in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull for exposing the dura mater to treat health problems related to intracranial pressure and other diseases.
A skull showing evidence of trepanning. Prehistoric medicine is any use of medicine from before the invention of writing and the documented history of medicine.Because the timing of the invention of writing per culture and region, the term "prehistoric medicine" encompasses a wide range of time periods and dates.
Historically, trephination was used to potentially relieve intracranial pressures or build-up of pus, with records dating back to pre-historic times. [4] Over time, these became formalized as mastoidectomies. Mastoidectomies were used to treat infections such as otitis media, or abnormal skin cell growth near the middle ear. [2]