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There are some reports suggesting MHC molecules and sialic acid residues functioning in this capacity as well. This is followed by a secondary interaction, where a motif in the penton base protein (see capsomere) interacts with an integrin molecule. It is the co-receptor interaction that stimulates entry of the adenovirus.
By avoiding second-strand synthesis, scAAV can express more quickly, although as a caveat, scAAV can only encode half of the already limited capacity of AAV. [17] Recent reports suggest that scAAV vectors are more immunogenic than single stranded adenovirus vectors, inducing a stronger activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. [18]
The caveat of this construct is that instead of the full coding capacity found in rAAV (4.7–6kb) [5] scAAV can only hold about half of that amount (≈2.4kb). [6] In gene therapy application utilizing rAAV, the virus transduces the cell with a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) flanked by two inverted terminal repeats (ITRs).
Adenovirus genomes are linear, non-segmented double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules that are typically 26-46 Kbp long, containing 23-46 protein-coding genes. [1] The example used for the following description is Human adenovirus E, a mastadenovirus with a 36 Kbp genome containing 38 protein-coding genes. [ 2 ]
Adenovirus infection is a contagious viral disease, caused by adenoviruses, commonly resulting in a respiratory tract infection. [ 1 ] [ 9 ] Typical symptoms range from those of a common cold , such as nasal congestion , rhinitis , and cough , to difficulty breathing as in pneumonia . [ 9 ]
Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-F41), is an enteric Adenovirus, a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. [ 1 ] It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis , with symptoms similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus . [ 2 ]
Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-36) or Ad-36 or Adv36 is one of 52 types of adenoviruses known to infect humans. AD-36, first isolated in 1978 from the feces of a girl suffering from diabetes and enteritis, [ 1 ] has long been recognized as a cause of respiratory and eye infections in humans. [ 2 ]
The name refers to the fact that all dependoviruses, except duck parvovirus and goose parvovirus (both classified as Anseriform dependoparvovirus 1), [3] [4] cannot replicate productively in their host cell without the cell being coinfected by a helper virus such as an adenovirus, a herpesvirus, or a vaccinia virus.