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Cellulitis occurred in about 21.2 million people in 2015. [7] In the United States about 2 of every 1,000 people per year have a case affecting the lower leg. [1] Cellulitis in 2015 resulted in about 16,900 deaths worldwide. [8] In the United Kingdom, cellulitis was the reason for 1.6% of admissions to a hospital. [6]
Bacterial infection is by far the most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis. Despite being called a "flesh-eating disease", bacteria do not eat human tissue. Rather, they release toxins that cause tissue death. Typically, the infection enters the body through a break in the skin such as a cut or burn. [3]
[8] [7] In rare cases, the infection can progress into necrotizing fasciitis, a serious and potentially fatal infection. [9] Erysipelas, a bacterial infection which primarily affects superficial dermis, and often involves superficial lymphatics. [10] Unlike cellulitis, it does not affect deeper layers of the skin.
While some infections it causes — like impetigo, strep throat and scarlet fever — are treatable, it can also lead to cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Erysipelas (/ ˌ ɛ r ə ˈ s ɪ p ə l ə s /) is a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin (upper dermis), extending to the superficial lymphatic vessels within the skin, characterized by a raised, well-defined, tender, bright red rash, typically on the face or legs, but which can occur anywhere on the skin.
Deeper anaerobic soft-tissue infections are necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing synergistic cellulitis, gas gangrene and crepitus cellulitis. These can involve the fascia as well as the muscle surrounded by the fascia, and may also induce myositis and myonecrosis. [citation needed]
impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas – infections of the skin which can be complicated by necrotizing fasciitis – skin, fascia and muscle; strep throat AKA strep pharyngitis – pharynx; Less common: bacteremia can be associated with these infections, but is not typical. septic arthritis – joints; osteomyelitis – bones
Septic shock is a result of a systemic response to infection or multiple infectious causes. The precipitating infections that may lead to septic shock if severe enough include but are not limited to appendicitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, diverticulitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, pancreatitis, necrotizing fasciitis, MRSA and mesenteric ischemia.