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It must be taken 1–4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity.
Clenbuterol is a β 2 agonist with some structural and pharmacological similarities to epinephrine and salbutamol, but its effects are more potent and longer-lasting as a stimulant and thermogenic drug. [citation needed] It is commonly used for smooth muscle-relaxant properties as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.
Side effects of isoprenaline include rapid heart beat, heart palpitations, and arrhythmias, among others. [9] Isoprenaline is a selective agonist of the β-adrenergic receptors, including both the β 1-and β 2-adrenergic receptors. [9] By activating these receptors, it increases heart rate and the force of heart contractions. [10]
To judge from the drug's mechanism of action and from experiences with related drugs, hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (fast heartbeat), hypokalemia (low blood levels of potassium), shaking, etc., might occur in some patients, but these effects have rarely, if at all, been observed in studies.
More severe effects, such as pulmonary edema, myocardial ischemia, and cardiac arrhythmia, are exceptional.) [6] [7] [1] Overuse of β 2 agonists and asthma treatment without proper inhaled corticosteroid use has been associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbations and asthma-related hospitalizations. [ 8 ]
Ephedrine is a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic with cardiovascular effects similar to those of adrenaline/epinephrine: increased blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility. Like pseudoephedrine it is a bronchodilator, with pseudoephedrine having considerably less effect. [19] [20]
Due to its sympathomimetic effects, pseudoephedrine is a vasoconstrictor and pressor agent (increases blood pressure), a positive chronotrope (increases heart rate), and a positive inotrope (increases force of heart contractions). [18] [1] [22] [19] [20] The influence of pseudoephedrine on blood pressure at clinical doses is controversial.
Pharmacologically, bronchodilatation is achieved via bronchodilators. [1] [2] References