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The circulation has been observed to be between 0°–20° to the right of the wind in the northern hemisphere [7] and the helix forming bands of divergence and convergence at the surface. At the convergence zones, there are commonly concentrations of floating seaweed, foam and debris along these bands.
An anemometer is commonly used to measure wind speed. Global distribution of wind speed at 10m above ground averaged over the years 1981–2010 from the CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ data set [1] In meteorology, wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in ...
Wind gusts are reported when there is variation of the wind speed of more than 10 knots (5.1 m/s) between peaks and lulls during the sampling period. [ 19 ] Sea level pressure (SLP) is the pressure at sea level or (when measured at a given elevation on land) the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station ...
Convergence and divergence of an air parcel. Equation (3) is the atmospheric equivalent to the conservation of angular momentum. For example, a spinning ice skater with her arms spread out laterally can accelerate her rate of spin by contracting her arms. Similarly, when a vortex of air is broadened, it in turn spins more slowly.
The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers. The method analyses high-frequency wind and scalar atmospheric data series, gas, energy, and momentum, [ 1 ] which yields values of fluxes of these ...
Wind speed on the Beaufort scale is based on the empirical relationship: [6] v = 0.836 B 3/2 m/s; v = 1.625 B 3/2 knots (=) where v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 metres above the sea surface and B is Beaufort scale number.
The deformation of horizontal wind is defined as = +, where = + and =, representing the derivatives of wind component. Because these derivatives vary greatly with the rotation of the coordinate system, so do A {\displaystyle \ A} and B {\displaystyle \ B} .
The driving force behind the vertical velocity is the Ekman transport, which in the Northern (Southern) hemisphere is to the right (left) of the wind stress; thus a stress field with a positive (negative) curl leads to Ekman divergence (convergence), and water must rise from beneath to replace the old Ekman layer water.