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The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Akṣapāda Gautama, and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy. [1] [2] The date when the text was composed, and the biography of its author is unknown, but variously estimated between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE.
Concepts in the foundational text, the Nyaya Sutras, were clarified through a tradition of commentaries. Commentaries were also a means to defend the philosophy from misinterpretations by scholars of other traditions. [23] The Nyāya scholars that followed refined, expanded, and applied the Nyaya Sutras to spiritual questions.
Nyaya Sutras – an ancient text of Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy composed by Akṣapada Gautama, sometime between the 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE. [43] [44] It is notable for focusing on knowledge and logic, and making no mention of Vedic rituals. [43]
English: The Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy considers four valid means to correct knowledge: perception, inference, comparison and testimony of reliable sources. Perception is primary, and is based on five sensory inputs (eye, ear, touch, taste and smell). The other three methods depend on it, according to Nyaya school.
He wrote a commentary on the text Nyaya Sutras of Akshapada Gautama to answer the questions of Buddhists. [10] [11] The name of the commentary on Nyaya Sutras written by the Naiyayika Vatsyayana is known as Nyayabhashya. It is considered as the earliest commentary on the Nyaya Sutras of Akshapada Gautama. [12] [13] [9]
The Brahma Sutras, known as Sūtra Prasthāna (formulative texts) or Nyāya Prasthāna or Yukti Prasthāna (logical text or axiom of logic) The Upanishads consist of ten, twelve or thirteen major texts, with a total of 108 texts [ 2 ] (some scholars list ten as principal – the Mukhya Upanishads , while most consider twelve or thirteen as ...
Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana was an Indian philosopher, commentator and logician of the Nyaya School. [1] [2] He authored the commentary "Nyāyabhāsya", the first full commentary on the Nyāya Sūtras of Gautama (c. 150 CE), which is itself the foundational text of the school of philosophy called "Nyāya". [3] [4]
Statue of Patañjali, its traditional snake form indicating kundalini or an incarnation of Shesha. The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali (IAST: Patañjali yoga-sūtras) is a compilation "from a variety of sources" [1] of Sanskrit sutras on the practice of yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including BKS Iyengar).