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A BIER vessel evaluates the resistance of biological indicators to moist heat sterilization. [1] For example, if a 90% reduction is determined to be 5 minutes for the microorganism being evaluated, then a D-value of 5 is assigned. D values are specific to starting bioload, substrate (the material the spores are on), and microbe species.
The limiting oxygen index (LOI) is the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as a percentage, that will support combustion of a polymer. It is measured by passing a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen over a burning specimen, and reducing the oxygen level until a critical level is reached.
Loss on ignition (LOI) is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry and soil science, particularly in the analysis of minerals and the chemical makeup of soil. It consists of strongly heating ( "igniting" ) a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method for estimating body composition, in particular body fat and muscle mass, where a weak electric current flows through the body, and the voltage is measured in order to calculate impedance (resistance and reactance) of the body.
The construction industry makes use of measures such as the R-value (resistance) and the U-value (transmittance or conductance). Although related to the thermal conductivity of a material used in an insulation product or assembly, R- and U-values are measured per unit area, and depend on the specified thickness of the product or assembly.
The silicon bandgap temperature sensor is an extremely common form of temperature sensor (thermometer) used in electronic equipment.Its main advantage is that it can be included in a silicon integrated circuit at very low cost.
Randles circuit schematic. In electrochemistry, a Randles circuit is an equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance R S in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance C dl and an impedance (Z w) of a faradaic reaction.
Phan Bội Châu (Vietnamese: [faːn ɓôjˀ cəw]; 26 December 1867 – 29 October 1940), born Phan Văn San, courtesy name Hải Thụ (later changed to Sào Nam), was a pioneer of 20th century Vietnamese nationalism.