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Words beginning with /sC/ receive an initial supporting vowel [ɪ], unless they are preceded by a word ending in a vowel, as in [ˈskɔla] > [ɪsˈkɔla]. [23] The earliest unambiguous attestations occur in inscriptions of the second century AD. [24] In some languages, such as Spanish, word-initial /sC/ remains
Although word-initial /ɲ/ is not forbidden (for example, it occurs in borrowed words such as ñandú and ñu and in dialectal forms such as ñudo) it is relatively rare [35] and so may be described as having restricted distribution in this position. [107] In native Spanish words, the trill /r/ does not appear after a glide. [8]
In an unstressed position, some vowels cannot be realized and become more closed vowels: The stressed vowel /ɔ/ ò becomes the unstressed vowel [u] o . For instance (stress underlined): còde /ˈkɔde/ → codificar /kudifiˈka/. The stressed vowel /a/ a (unrounded) becomes the unstressed vowel [ɒ] a (rounded).
In English, contrasts are made by reducing vowels, changing the loudness of the word, or changing the intonation of the phrase. For example, this is her car (listen ⓘ) emphasizes the owner of the car. If the stress is changed to say this is her car (listen ⓘ), the emphasis is on showing what object belongs to a specific person. In Spanish ...
English did not > didn't, pronounced / ˈ d ɪ d ən t / English I would have > I'd've, pronounced / ˈ aɪ d ə v / English going to > colloquial gonna (generally only when unstressed and when expressing intention rather than direction), pronounced / ɡ ə n ə / or, before a vowel, / ɡ ə n u / English library pronounced as / l aɪ b r i / [2]
In standard European Spanish, as well as in many dialects in the Americas (e.g. standard Argentine or Rioplatense, inland Colombian, and Mexican), word-final /n/ is, by default (i.e. when followed by a pause or by an initial vowel in the following word), alveolar, like English [n] in pen. When followed by a consonant, it assimilates to that ...
Cardinal vowel chart showing peripheral (white) and central (blue) vowel space, based on the chart in Collins & Mees (2003:227). Phonetic reduction most often involves a mid-centralization of the vowel, that is, a reduction in the amount of movement of the tongue in pronouncing the vowel, as with the characteristic change of many unstressed vowels at the ends of English words to something ...
The effect may be dependent on lexical stress (for example, the unstressed first syllable of the word photographer contains a schwa / f ə ˈ t ɒ ɡ r ə f ər /, whereas the stressed first syllable of photograph does not /ˈfoʊtəˌɡræf-ɡrɑːf/), or on prosodic stress (for example, the word of is pronounced with a schwa when it is ...