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  2. Steelmaking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking

    In making crucible steel, the blister steel bars were broken into pieces and melted in small crucibles, each containing 20 kg or so. This produced higher quality metal, but increased the cost. The Bessemer process reduced the time needed to make lower-grade steel to about half an hour while requiring only enough coke needed to melt the pig iron.

  3. Basic oxygen steelmaking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking

    The basic oxygen steel-making process is as follows: Molten pig iron (sometimes referred to as "hot metal") from a blast furnace is poured into a large refractory-lined container called a ladle . The metal in the ladle is sent directly for basic oxygen steelmaking or to a pretreatment stage where sulfur , silicon , and phosphorus are removed ...

  4. Bessemer process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process

    The process also decreased the labor requirements for steel-making. Before it was introduced, steel was far too expensive to make bridges or the framework for buildings and thus wrought iron had been used throughout the Industrial Revolution. After the introduction of the Bessemer process, steel and wrought iron became similarly priced, and ...

  5. Steel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

    Fe-C phase diagram for carbon steels, showing the A 0, A 1, A 2 and A 3 critical temperatures for heat treatments. ... [62] and other oxygen steel making methods.

  6. Steel mill - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_mill

    Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands.The two large towers are blast furnaces.. A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.

  7. Open-hearth furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-hearth_furnace

    Open hearth furnace workers at the Zaporizhstal steel mill in Ukraine taking a steel sample, c. 2012 Tapping open-hearth furnace, VEB Rohrkombinat Riesa, East Germany, 1982. An open-hearth furnace or open hearth furnace is any of several kinds of industrial furnace in which excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce ...

  8. Puddling (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)

    In the late 1840s, the German chemist Franz Anton Lohage developed a modification of the puddling process to produce not iron but steel at the Haspe Iron Works in Hagen; it was subsequently commercialized in Germany, France and the UK in the 1850s, and puddled steel was the main raw material for Krupp cast steel even in the 1870s. [18]

  9. Rolling (metalworking) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)

    Rolling schematic view Rolling visualization. In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property.