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The term paraphyly, or paraphyletic, derives from the two Ancient Greek words παρά (pará), meaning "beside, near", and φῦλον (phûlon), meaning "genus, species", [2] [3] and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups of organisms (e.g., genera, species) are left apart from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor.
The term monophyly, or monophyletic, derives from the two Ancient Greek words μόνος (mónos), meaning "alone, only, unique", and φῦλον (phûlon), meaning "genus, species", [4] [5] and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) consisting of all the descendants of a unique common ancestor.
This definition assigns species on the basis of amount of divergence associated with reproductive incompatibility, which is measured essentially by number of autapomorphies. [6] This grouping method is often referred to as the " monophyletic species concept" or the "phylospecies" concept and was popularized by D.E. Rosen in 1979.
A clade is by definition monophyletic, meaning that it contains one ancestor which can be an organism, a population, or a species and all its descendants. [ note 1 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The ancestor can be known or unknown; any and all members of a clade can be extant or extinct.
Title page. Essays on the active powers of the human mind is a book written by the Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid.The first edition was published in 1788 in Edinburgh.It is the third and last volume in a collection of his essays on the powers of the human mind and was preceded by the first book: Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764), in which Reid focussed on ...
It was based on the assumption that higher-ranked taxa could represent specific morphological innovations. Although this approach was criticized as it relied on artificial and non-monophyletic taxa, it provided valuable insights into the evolution of disparity. Some conclusions have been confirmed by subsequent quantitative metrics.
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The term was coined by Pamela Paresky [8] and promulgated by The Coddling of the American Mind, [9] which described its status as "a sacred value", meaning that it was not possible to make practical tradeoffs or compromises with other desirable things (e.g., for people to be made to feel uncomfortable in support of free speech or learning new ...