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Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, but the deprivation is not total. While HIE is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the neonate due to birth asphyxia , it can occur in all age groups, and is often a complication of cardiac arrest .
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), previously known as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (neonatal HIE or NHIE), is defined as a encephalopathy syndrome with signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function, in the first few days of life in an infant born after 35 weeks of gestation.
Neonatal encephalopathy (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy): An obstetric form, often occurring due to lack of oxygen in bloodflow to brain-tissue of the fetus during labour or delivery. Salmonella encephalopathy: A form of encephalopathy caused by food poisoning (especially out of peanuts and rotten meat) often resulting in permanent brain ...
The onset of the symptoms usually occurs several weeks after the initial hypoxic episode. The hypoxic episode is necessarily severe, usually with an arterial oxygen partial pressure less than 40mmHg. [3] Following the severe hypoxia, the patient typically falls unconscious or into a coma, with the exception of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Both acute and chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia caused by respiratory dysfunction can produce neurological symptoms such as encephalopathy, seizures, headache, papilledema, and asterixis. [54] Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may cause morning headaches [ 54 ]
Perinatal asphyxia can be the cause of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or intraventricular hemorrhage, especially in preterm births. An infant with severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color , perfusion, responsiveness, muscle tone, and respiratory effort, as reflected in a low 5 minute Apgar score.
Lance–Adams syndrome (LAS) is a sequela of hypoxic encephalopathy due to respiratory arrest, airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, etc., several days after the onset of hypoxic encephalopathy. A condition that presents with functional myoclonus associated with increased cortical excitability in a few weeks.
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: This is the most common cause of seizures in the neonatal period, [39] causing approximately 33% of neonatal seizures. [4] The onset of seizure associated with it occurs within first 12 to 24 hrs of life. [citation needed] Delays in diagnosis may further increase the brain injury.