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A radio transmitter design has to meet certain requirements. These include the frequency of operation, the type of modulation, the stability and purity of the resulting signal, the efficiency of power use, and the power level required to meet the system design objectives. [1]
4×4 array of 2.4 GHz patch antenna elements Patch antenna gain pattern. A patch antenna is a type of antenna with a low profile, usually consisting of a printed circuit board. It consists of a planar rectangular or circular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane.
Paul Voigt patented a negative feedback amplifier in January 1924, though his theory lacked detail. [4] Harold Stephen Black independently invented the negative-feedback amplifier while he was a passenger on the Lackawanna Ferry (from Hoboken Terminal to Manhattan) on his way to work at Bell Laboratories (located in Manhattan instead of New Jersey in 1927) on August 2, 1927 [5] (US Patent ...
The loss in that feed line is 3.2 dB at 1 GHz; approximately 5 dB at the GPS frequency (1.575 42 GHz). This feed line loss can be avoided by placing an LNA at the antenna, which supplies enough gain to offset the loss. An LNA is a key component at the front-end of a radio receiver circuit to help reduce unwanted noise in particular.
Schematic of an AGC used in the analog telephone network; the feedback from output level to gain is effected via a Vactrol resistive opto-isolator.. Automatic gain control (AGC) is a closed-loop feedback regulating circuit in an amplifier or chain of amplifiers, the purpose of which is to maintain a suitable signal amplitude at its output, despite variation of the signal amplitude at the input.
In radio transmission, transmitter power output (TPO) is the actual amount of power (in watts) of radio frequency (RF) energy that a transmitter produces at its output. [1]TPO is a concept related to effective radiated power (ERP), but refers to the power output of a transmitter, without accounting for antenna gain.
In the simplest type of radio receiver, called a tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver, the three functions above are performed consecutively: [9] (1) the mix of radio signals from the antenna is filtered to extract the signal of the desired transmitter; (2) this oscillating voltage is sent through a radio frequency (RF) amplifier to increase ...
The 13 centimeter, 2.3 GHz or 2.4 GHz band is a portion of the UHF radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis. The amateur radio band is between 2300 MHz and 2450 MHz, and thereby inside the S-band. The amateur satellite band is between 2400 MHz and 2450 MHz, and its use by satellite ...