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A radio transmitter design has to meet certain requirements. These include the frequency of operation, the type of modulation, the stability and purity of the resulting signal, the efficiency of power use, and the power level required to meet the system design objectives. [1]
The triode vacuum tube amplifiers of the day would not amplify stably above 500 kHz; however, it was easy to get them to oscillate above that frequency. Armstrong's solution was to set up an oscillator tube that would create a frequency near the incoming signal and mix it with the incoming signal in a mixer tube, creating a heterodyne or signal ...
4×4 array of 2.4 GHz patch antenna elements Patch antenna gain pattern. A patch antenna is a type of antenna with a low profile, usually consisting of a printed circuit board. It consists of a planar rectangular or circular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane.
(C) The bypass capacitor (C) is charged up by the current pulses from the diode, and its voltage follows the peaks of the pulses, the envelope of the audio wave. It performs a smoothing ( low pass filtering ) function, removing the radio frequency carrier pulses, leaving the low frequency audio signal to pass through the load R L .
Schematic of an AGC used in the analog telephone network; the feedback from output level to gain is effected via a Vactrol resistive opto-isolator.. Automatic gain control (AGC) is a closed-loop feedback regulating circuit in an amplifier or chain of amplifiers, the purpose of which is to maintain a suitable signal amplitude at its output, despite variation of the signal amplitude at the input.
The loss in that feed line is 3.2 dB at 1 GHz; approximately 5 dB at the GPS frequency (1.575 42 GHz). This feed line loss can be avoided by placing an LNA at the antenna, which supplies enough gain to offset the loss. An LNA is a key component at the front-end of a radio receiver circuit to help reduce unwanted noise in particular.
Paul Voigt patented a negative feedback amplifier in January 1924, though his theory lacked detail. [4] Harold Stephen Black independently invented the negative-feedback amplifier while he was a passenger on the Lackawanna Ferry (from Hoboken Terminal to Manhattan) on his way to work at Bell Laboratories (located in Manhattan instead of New Jersey in 1927) on August 2, 1927 [5] (US Patent ...
Typical feeder loops are 1 / 8 to 1 / 5 the size of the antenna's main loop, which gives transform ratios of 64:1 to 25:1, respectively. Adjusting the proximity and angle of the feeder loop to the main loop, and distorting the feeder's shape, both make small-to-moderate changes to the transform ratio, and allows for fine ...