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However, a nozzle designed for sea-level operation will quickly lose efficiency at higher altitudes. In a multi-stage design, the second stage rocket engine is primarily designed for use at high altitudes, only providing additional thrust after the first-stage engine performs the initial liftoff. In this case, designers will usually opt for an ...
The expanding nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes. It is a member of the class of altitude compensating nozzles, a class that also includes the plug nozzle and aerospike. While the expanding nozzle is the least technically advanced and simplest to understand ...
The ED nozzle has been known about since the 1960s and there has been several attempts to develop it, with several reaching the level of static hot-firings. These include the 'Expansion-Deflection 50k' [2] (Rocketdyne), the 'Expansion-Deflection 10k' [3] and the RD-0126 [4] (CADB). Rocketdyne also developed a third, smaller E-D nozzle.
Height above mean sea level (AMSL) is the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of an object, relative to a reference datum for mean sea level (MSL). It is also used in aviation, where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to mean sea level (contrast with flight level ), and in the atmospheric sciences , and in land ...
For first stage rocket engines, the engine works with nozzle extension in disposed position during the first minutes of flight and expands it at some predefined level of air pressure. This scheme assumes the outer skirt of the bell is extended while the engine is functioning and its installation to working position happens in the upper layers ...
The increased thrust from the C-D nozzle (2,000 lb, 910 kg at sea-level take-off) on this engine raised the speed from Mach 1.6 to almost 2.0 enabling the Air Force to set a world's speed record of 1,207.6 mph (1,943.4 km/h) which was just below Mach 2 for the temperature on that day. The true worth of the C-D nozzle was not realised on the F ...
Tunnel datum is a datum based on an ordnance datum and used in designing tunnels which pass below sea level. for the London Underground, a tunnel datum of ODN −100 m is used; [7] thus a depth of −60 m AOD is 40 m ATD (above tunnel datum) for the Channel Tunnel, a tunnel datum of ODN −200 m is used; [8] thus a depth of −60 m is 140 m ATD
Relative sea level can change by the processes changing eustatic sea level (e.g., ice melt and thermal expansion), but also by changes on land such as subsidence and isostatic rebound. In sequence stratigraphy, relative sea level is similarly defined as the distance from the ocean surface to the bottom of the sediment on the ocean floor. [2]