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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The Leningrad Codex (Latin: Codex Leningradensis [Leningrad Book]; Hebrew: כתב יד לנינגרד) is the oldest known complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, using the Masoretic Text and Tiberian vocalization. According to its colophon, it was made in Cairo in AD 1008 (or possibly 1009). [1]
Spitzer Manuscript folio 383 fragment. This Sanskrit text was written on both sides of the palm leaf (recto and verso). [1]The Spitzer Manuscript is the oldest surviving philosophical manuscript in Sanskrit, [2] [3] and possibly the oldest discovered Sanskritic manuscript of any type related to Hinduism [4] [5] [note 1] or may be Buddhism.
The choice of one or the other date decides whether it is proto-Sinaitic or proto-Canaanite, and by extension locates the invention of the alphabet in Egypt or Canaan respectively. [ 12 ] However, the discovery of the two Wadi el-Hol inscriptions near the Nile River suggests that the script originated in Egypt.
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland ascribed it as "Free text" and placed it in I Category. [10] A transcription of every single page of 𝔓 66 is contained in Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek manuscripts. [4]
The primary copy of the text is inscribed on a basalt stele2.25 m (7 ft 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) tall. The stele was rediscovered in 1901 at the site of Susa in present-day Iran, where it had been taken as plunder six hundred years after its creation. The text itself was copied and studied by Mesopotamian scribes for over a millennium.
Astronomers using the Gaia space telescope have located two ancient streams of stars that helped the Milky Way galaxy grow and evolve more than 12 billion years ago.
Although de Rossi's attribution removed 150 years from the age of the Codex, it remains the oldest complete text of the Vulgate. As the primary source of the Vulgate, the manuscript was of particular importance to the Catholics during the Counter-Reformation. Protestant translations derived from the original language of the Scriptures, but the ...