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Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb [1] within 14 days of symptoms onset. [2] On the other hand, when the symptoms exceed 14 days, [3] it is called critical limb ischemia (CLI).
Typically the fingers, and, less commonly, the toes, are involved. [1] Rarely, the nose, ears, nipples, or lips are affected. [1] The episodes classically result in the affected part turning white and then blue. [2] Often, numbness or pain occurs. [2] As blood flow returns, the area turns red and burns. [2]
Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic (clots resulting from the build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls) [1] microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain or spinal cord, [2] occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia. [3]
The signs and symptoms of ischemia vary, as they can occur anywhere in the body and depend on the degree to which blood flow is interrupted. [4] For example, clinical manifestations of acute limb ischemia (which can be summarized as the "six P's") include pain, pallor, pulseless, paresthesia, paralysis, and poikilothermia.
Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when someone is exposed to extremely low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues, [1] commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin areas. [6]
Gangrene itself happens when the tissue loses blood flow and becomes deprived of oxygen and nutrients. Without proper blood supply, cells in the affected area start dying, leading to decay. There are different types of gangrene, including dry, wet, and gas gangrene, depending on the underlying cause and the conditions of the tissue.
Symptoms of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) include severe pain, decreased blood flow, decreased movement, numbness, and a pale limb. [5] It is most often due to physical trauma, like a bone fracture (up to 75% of cases) or a crush injury. [3] [6] It can also occur after blood flow returns following a period of poor circulation. [4]
Symptoms may include areas of thickened skin, stiffness, feeling tired, and poor blood flow to the fingers or toes with cold exposure. [1] One form of the condition, known as CREST syndrome , classically results in calcium deposits , Raynaud's syndrome , esophageal problems, thickening of the skin of the fingers and toes , and areas of small ...