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This specialized type of forest performs union and find operations in near-constant amortized time. For a sequence of m addition, union, or find operations on a disjoint-set forest with n nodes, the total time required is O(mα(n)), where α(n) is the extremely slow-growing inverse Ackermann function. Although disjoint-set forests do not ...
Many programming techniques and data structures, including rope, lazy evaluation, class hierarchy (see below), arbitrary-precision arithmetic, CDR coding, the indirection bit, and other kinds of tagged pointers, are usually implemented using some sort of tagged union. A tagged union can be seen as the simplest kind of self-describing data format.
Go is designed for the "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python" [239] and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays. Groovy was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to Java. [240] Julia was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python". [27]
Kruskal's algorithm [1] finds a minimum spanning forest of an undirected edge-weighted graph.If the graph is connected, it finds a minimum spanning tree.It is a greedy algorithm that in each step adds to the forest the lowest-weight edge that will not form a cycle. [2]
The cross product operation is an example of a vector rank function because it operates on vectors, not scalars. Matrix multiplication is an example of a 2-rank function, because it operates on 2-dimensional objects (matrices). Collapse operators reduce the dimensionality of an input data array by one or more dimensions. For example, summing ...
Array, a sequence of elements of the same type stored contiguously in memory; Record (also called a structure or struct), a collection of fields . Product type (also called a tuple), a record in which the fields are not named
Some programming languages support a union type for such a data type. In other words, a union type specifies the permitted types that may be stored in its instances, e.g., float and integer . In contrast with a record , which could be defined to contain both a float and an integer; a union would hold only one at a time.
The high rank matrix completion in general is NP-Hard. However, with certain assumptions, some incomplete high rank matrix or even full rank matrix can be completed. Eriksson, Balzano and Nowak [10] have considered the problem of completing a matrix with the assumption that the columns of the matrix belong to a union of multiple low-rank subspaces.