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CLOVES syndrome affects people with various symptoms, ranging from mild fatty soft-tissue tumors to vascular malformations encompassing the spine or internal organs. It is a genetic disorder that results from somatic, mosaic gain-of-function mutations of the PIK3CA gene, and belongs to the spectrum of PIK3CA -related overgrowth syndromes (PROS).
Sclerotherapy (the word reflects the Greek skleros, meaning hard) [1] is a procedure used to treat blood vessel malformations (vascular malformations) and also malformations of the lymphatic system. A medication is injected into the vessels, which makes them shrink. It is used for children and young adults with vascular or lymphatic malformations.
Fast-flow vascular malformations consist of arterial malformations, arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous malformations. Slow-flow vascular malformations include venous malformations, microcystic and macrocytic lymphatic malformations and capillary malformation. In this classification system, DCMO would fall under the slow-flow vascular ...
Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. They can often extend deeper from their surface appearance, reaching underlying muscle or bone. [12] In the neck they may extend into the lining of the mouth cavity or into the salivary glands. [11] They are the most common of the vascular malformations. [13]
Lymphatic malformations are benign slow-flow type of vascular malformation of the lymphatic system characterized by lymphatic vessels which do not connect to the normal lymphatic circulation. The term lymphangioma is outdated and newer research reference the term lymphatic malformation .
Venous malformations are the most common vascular anomaly, making up 40% of all vascular malformations. [2] They can be treated with sclerotherapy and surgical resection. [3] Lymphatic malformation. Lymphatic malformation is a benign growth of the lymphatic system. [15] They result from a blockage or defect of the lymphatic vessels as they are ...
Macroangiopathy may cause other complications, such as ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease which contributes to the diabetic foot ulcers and the risk of amputation. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the ...
Such treatment may allow normal blood flow to resume. It is a non-surgical medical procedure and is not nearly as invasive as debulking. Ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy is the state of the art new treatment which could potentially close many large vascular malformations. [16] [17] Compression therapies are finding more use as of the last ...