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The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1243-3. Gelber, H. (2004). Opium, Soldiers and Evangelicals: England's 1840-42 War with China and Its Aftermath.
The Whig controlled government in particular advocated war with China, and the pro-Whig press printed stories about Chinese "despotism and cruelty". This line of reasoning was primary defence for war with China. [112] Since August 1839, reports had been published in London newspapers about troubles at Guangzhou and the impending war with China.
Historical accounts suggest that opium first arrived in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907) as part of the merchandise of Arab traders. [10] Later on, Song Dynasty (960–1279) poet and pharmacologist Su Dongpo recorded the use of opium as a medicinal herb: "Daoists often persuade you to drink the jisu water, but even a child can prepare the yingsu soup."
The Arrow War with China (1901) online free. Henry Loch, Personal narrative of occurrences during Lord Elgin's second embassy to China 1860, 1869. Lovell, Julia (2011). Opium War. London: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-53785-8. Ringmar, Erik (2013). Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China. New York: Palgrave ...
Opium has played an important role in China's history since the First and Second Opium Wars in the mid-19th century. When the Republic of China was defeated, and the People's Republic of China took power, those involved in the illegal drug trade moved to Northeast Myanmar (Burma) setting up the Golden Triangle, as well to Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
China's staunch anti-drug stance is heavily influenced by its historical century of humiliation. Critics of China's anti-drug policies believe that China's anti-drug campaigns use fear as a tactic to manufacture consent for China's war on drugs, preventing nuanced understanding about the reasons that people use drugs, and dehumanising drug users.
The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The convention provided, "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and ...
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