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Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease.
Parts-per-million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human body down to 1 ppm. About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium ...
In particular, bacteria have evolved very high-affinity sequestering agents called siderophores. [14] [15] [16] After uptake in human cells, iron storage is precisely regulated. [1] [17] A major component of this regulation is the protein transferrin, which binds iron ions absorbed from the duodenum and carries it in the blood to cells.
The human body has no controlled mechanism for excretion of iron. [23] This can lead to iron overload problems in patients treated with blood transfusions , as, for instance, with β- thalassemia . Iron is actually excreted in urine [ 24 ] and is also concentrated in bile [ 25 ] which is excreted in feces.
The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface. [ 14 ] 4,000–11,000 leukocytes : [ 15 ] White blood cells are part of the body's immune system ; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents ...
Iron-binding proteins are carrier proteins and metalloproteins that are important in iron metabolism [1] and the immune response. [2] [3] Iron is required for life.Iron-dependent enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions and can be divided into three broad classes depending on the structure of their active site: non-heme mono-iron, non-heme diiron , or heme centers. [4]
The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of most plants and the bodies of most animals, such as the human body. A few ( calcium , potassium , sodium ) are present in relatively larger amounts, whereas most others are trace metals , present in smaller but important amounts ...
Ferritin genes are highly conserved between species. All vertebrate ferritin genes have three introns and four exons. [8] In human ferritin, introns are present between amino acid residues 14 and 15, 34 and 35, and 82 and 83; in addition, there are one to two hundred untranslated bases at either end of the combined exons. [9]