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Brain death refers to an irreversible total loss of brain function. [200] [201] This is characterised by coma, loss of reflexes, and apnoea, [200] however, the declaration of brain death varies geographically and is not always accepted. [201] In some countries there is also a defined syndrome of brainstem death. [202]
Brain death is used as an indicator of legal death in many jurisdictions, [7] but it is defined inconsistently and often confused by the public. [8] Various parts of the brain may keep functioning when others do not anymore, and the term "brain death" has been used to refer to various combinations.
Brainstem death is a clinical syndrome defined by the absence of reflexes with pathways through the brainstem – the "stalk" of the brain, which connects the spinal cord to the mid-brain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres – in a deeply comatose, ventilator-dependent patient.
A 3D medical animation still shot showing different parts of the midbrain. The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. [1] In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. [1]
Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours. The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
The aforementioned mechanism is the most common cause of brain death; however, this increase in intracranial pressure does not always occur due to an arrest in cardiopulmonary function. [5] Traumatic brain injuries and subarachnoid hemorrhages can also increase the intracranial pressure in the brain leading to a cessation of brain function and ...
It occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury [9] [10] and plays a large role in the brain damage and death that results from TBI. [10] Unlike in most forms of trauma a large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event. [11]
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy may cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage even in patients without elevated blood pressure. Unlike hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy does not typically affect blood vessels to deep brain structures. Instead, it is most commonly associated with hemorrhage of small vessels in the cerebral cortex. [2]