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Plasma is called the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas. [16] [17] [18] It is a state of matter in which an ionized substance becomes highly electrically conductive to the point that long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behaviour. [19] [20]
The Sun's corona, some types of flame, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all ordinary matter in the universe is plasma, as it composes all stars. [4] [5] [6]
Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. In common temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid , liquid and gas .
Plasma (physics), one of the four fundamental states of matter Plasma (mineral) , a green translucent silica mineral Quark–gluon plasma , a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics
In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma.
2000 – CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter. [28] 2023 – Physicists from US and China discovered a new state of matter called the chiral bose-liquid state [29] 2024 – Harvard researchers working with Quantinuum announced a new phase of matter non-Abelian topological order [30]
Hydrogen in its plasma state is the most abundant ordinary matter in the universe. In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. [1]
A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) [66] or quark soup [67] [68] is a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density. This state is thought to consist of asymptotically free strong-interacting quarks and gluons, which are ordinarily confined by color confinement inside