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According to IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, in the last 170 years, humans have caused the global temperature to increase to the highest level in the last 2,000 years. The current multi-century period is the warmest in the past 100,000 years. [3] The temperature in the years 2011-2020 was 1.09 °C higher than in 1859–1890.
Comparison shows seasonal variability for record increases. The warmest years in the instrumental temperature record have occurred in the last decade (i.e. 2012-2021). The World Meteorological Organization reported in 2021 that 2016 and 2020 were the two warmest years in the period since 1850. [51]
The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures. Earth's average surface air temperature has increased almost 1.5 °C (about 2.5 °F) since the Industrial Revolution. Natural forces cause some variability, but the 20-year average shows the progressive influence of human activity.
An early (2018) warming stripes graphic published by their originator, climatologist Ed Hawkins. [1] The progression from blue (cooler) to red (warmer) stripes portrays annual increases of global average temperature since 1850 (left side of graphic) until the date of the graphic (right side).
Tropical reefs tend to show temperature increases of less than 1 °C. The tropical ocean surface at the Great Barrier Reef about 5350 years ago was 1 °C warmer and enriched in 18 O by 0.5 per mil relative to modern seawater. [9] Temperatures during the HCO were higher than in the present by around 6 °C in Svalbard, near the North Pole. [10]
Temperature change over the past 12 000 years, from various sources. The thick black curve is an average. The Holocene is characterized by a long-term cooling starting after the Holocene Optimum , when temperatures were probably only just below current temperatures (second decade of the 21st century), [ 126 ] and a strong African Monsoon ...
The human body always works to remain in homeostasis. One form of homeostasis is thermoregulation. Body temperature varies in every individual, but the average internal temperature is 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). [1] Sufficient stress from extreme external temperature may cause injury or death if it exceeds the ability of the body to thermoregulate.
The human climate niche is estimated by calculating the human population density with respect to mean annual temperature. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The human population distribution as a function of mean annual temperature is bimodal and results in two modes; one at 15 °C and another one at ~20 to 25 °C. [ 2 ]