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The "no true Scotsman" fallacy is committed when the arguer satisfies the following conditions: [6] [3] [4] not publicly retreating from the initial, falsified a posteriori assertion; offering a modified assertion that definitionally excludes a targeted unwanted counterexample; using rhetoric to signal the modification
No true Scotsman (aka appeal to purity) – makes a generalization true by changing the generalization to exclude a counterexample. [ 51 ] Cherry picking (suppressed evidence, incomplete evidence, argument by half-truth, fallacy of exclusion, card stacking, slanting) – using individual cases or data that confirm a particular position, while ...
He also developed the No true Scotsman fallacy, [9] and debated retrocausality with Michael Dummett. [10] However, in 2004 he changed his position, and stated that he now believed in the existence of an intelligent designer of the universe, [11] shocking colleagues and fellow atheists. [11]
For example, consider the following exchange, illustrating the No true Scotsman fallacy: Argument: "No Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge." Reply: "But my friend Angus, who is a Scotsman, likes sugar with his porridge." Rebuttal: "Well perhaps, but no true Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge."
"The exception that proves the rule" is a saying whose meaning is contested. Henry Watson Fowler's Modern English Usage identifies five ways in which the phrase has been used, [1] and each use makes some sort of reference to the role that a particular case or event takes in relation to a more general rule.
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In the classic distinction among material fallacies, cognitive fallacies, and formal fallacies, special pleading most likely falls within the category of cognitive fallacy, because it would seem to relate to "lip service", rationalization, and diversion (abandonment of discussion).
Announcing ‘her presence with authority’ “The Church of Baseball” describes a good idea nearly pecked to death by 1,000 corporate pigeons, starting with the cast Shelton considered perfect.