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Puddling is the tillage of rice paddies while flooded, an ancient practice that is used to prepare for rice cultivation. Historically, this has been accomplished by dragging a weighted harrow across a flooded paddy field behind a buffalo or ox, and is now accomplished using mechanized approaches, often using a two-wheel tractor.
In older methods, clean paddy rice was soaked in cold water for 36–38 hours to give it a moisture content of 30–35%, after which the rice was put in parboiling equipment with fresh cold water and boiled until it began to split. The rice was then dried on woven mats, cooled and milled. [11] [12]
Direct seeded rice (DSR) [2] [3] is a practice of sowing paddy which involves planting rice seeds directly into the field, instead of the traditional method of growing seedlings in nurseries and then transplanting them into the fields. This method significantly reduces the demand for labor, one of the major costs associated with rice farming.
Banaue Rice Terraces of Luzon, Philippines, carved into steep mountainsides Taro fields (loʻi) in Hanalei Valley, Kaua'i, Hawaii Paddy field placed under the valley of Madiun, Indonesia Farmers planting rice in Cambodia. A paddy field is a flooded field of arable land used for growing semiaquatic crops, most notably rice and taro.
The term “upland rice” refers to rice cultivated in non-flooded conditions, and it can encompass various specific definitions. While most of the world's rice is grown in paddy fields or wet environments that require significant amount of water, rice itself does not inherently need flooding to thrive.
Here, the film coat on the rice, which is called bran is removed from the rice and the bran is collected separately. The whitening process is done by a whitener. The whitened rice is polished by a silky rice_polisher. The polished rice is destoned again by a destoner and the broken rice is separated by a length grader.
Rice processing begins in a milling plant, where the harvested grains run through a production line where the paddy is boiled, dried, de-stoned, de-husked, hulled and shelled into rice. It then is taken to the color sorter machine.
SRI is also practiced with varying degrees of mechanisation to reduce the labour requirements and make the most of its land-intensive methods. Some of these are machines are complex, others are simple hand-drawn machines, but all can expedite tasks such as direct seeding, seedling transplanting, paddy field weeding, and rice harvesting. [16]