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Human subject research legislation in the United States can be traced to the early 20th century.Human subject research in the United States was mostly unregulated until the 20th century, as it was throughout the world, until the establishment of various governmental and professional regulations and codes of ethics.
Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. [20] Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. [21]
The National Research Act of 1974 also set up the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which produced the Belmont Report (Report on Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research) in 1979. This report established a moral framework for the regulation ...
An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a committee at an institution that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research involving human subjects, to ensure that the projects are ethical. The main goal of IRB ...
The National Research Act is an American law enacted by the 93rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Richard Nixon on July 12, 1974. The law was passed following a series of congressional hearings on human-subjects research, directed by Senator Edward Kennedy .
The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War.
In research ethics, justice regards fairness in the distribution of burdens and benefits of research. For example, justice is a consideration in recruiting volunteer research participants, in considering any existing burdens the groups from which they are recruited face (such as historic marginalisation) and the risks of the research, alongside the potential benefits of the research.
Medical ethics is a utilized department of ethics that analyzes the exercise of clinical medicinal drug and associated scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values. These values consist of the appreciation for autonomy, beneficence, and justice.