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The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one electrical polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. [9] For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through a direct current source.
USB: 5 V DC; PP3 battery: 9 V; Automotive battery systems use cells with 2.1 volts per cell; a "12 V" battery has six cells connected in series, which produces 12.6 V; a "24 V" battery has 12 cells connected in series, producing 25.2 V. Some antique vehicles use "6 V" 3-cell batteries, or 6.3 volts.
The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, respectively, as when they modify current or voltage. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The usual waveform of alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine wave , whose positive half-period corresponds with positive direction of the current and vice versa (the full ...
A common voltage for automobile batteries is 12 volts (DC). Common voltages supplied by power companies to consumers are 110 to 120 volts (AC) and 220 to 240 volts (AC). The voltage in electric power transmission lines used to distribute electricity from power stations can be several hundred times greater than consumer voltages, typically 110 ...
High Voltage Alternating Current; depending on context, this could be hundreds or hundreds of thousands of volts. HVDC converter station An element of a high-voltage direct current power transmission system; each end of the transmission line has a converter station connected to the local AC grid. HVDC High Voltage Direct Current. hybrid coil
VA—Volt-ampere (measurement) var—Volt-ampere reactive (measurement) VAWT—vertical axis wind turbine (wind) VIN—vehicle identification number (US) (transportation) VLCC—very large crude carrier (oil) VMT—vehicle miles traveled (transportation) VOC—volatile organic compound; VPP—Variable peak pricing (electricity) VSA—Voltage ...
where is the current, measured in amperes; is the potential difference, measured in volts; and is the resistance, measured in ohms. For alternating currents , especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent ...
A 48-volt DC electrical system voltage is a relatively low-voltage electrical system that is increasingly used in vehicles. It began in the 2010s as a way to increase the propulsion and battery recharge during braking for fuel savings in internal combustion engine vehicles, especially mild hybrid vehicles.