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In the 2000s, prestigious journals such as Nature began requiring authors to provide information about what their contributions were, [12] but there was no widely-used or machine-readable standard for this. In 2012, a draft taxonomy was created at a workshop held at Harvard involving biomedical scientists, publishers, and research funders.
Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. [53] Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers ) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author.
Authors' institutional interests become sources of conflict when the research might harm the institution's finances or offend the author's superiors. [ 4 ] Many journals require authors to self-declare their conflicts of interest when submitting a paper; they also ask specific questions about conflicts of interest.
Five references are provided early on: two textbooks, a specialized monograph on aldol reactions, and two review articles. Most readers would assume that the bulk of the statements in the comparatively short Wikipedia article could be verified by checking any of these references, and so it may only be necessary to provide additional in-line references for controversial statements, for recent ...
This information can be used to train a machine learning classifier to decide whether two author mentions refer to the same author or not. [6] Much research regards name disambiguation as a clustering problem, i.e., partitioning documents into clusters, where each represents an author. [2] [7] [8] Other research treats it as a classification ...
In many academic subjects, including the natural sciences, computer science and electrical engineering, the lead author of a research article is typically the person who carried out the research and wrote and edited the paper. The list of trailing co-authors reflects, typically, diminishing contributions to the work reported in the manuscript ...
{} for references to books {{cite journal}} for magazines, academic journals, and papers; A template window then pops up, where you fill in as much information as possible about the source, and give a unique name for it in the "Ref name" field. Click the "Insert" button, which will add the required wikitext in the edit window.
Self-published books may be printed by a vanity press or a publisher that prints books by only that author. If the author works for a company, and the publisher is the employer, and the author's job is to produce the work (e.g., sales materials or a corporate website), then the author and publisher are the same.