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  2. Noncentral hypergeometric distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncentral_hypergeometric...

    In statistics, the hypergeometric distribution is the discrete probability distribution generated by picking colored balls at random from an urn without replacement.. Various generalizations to this distribution exist for cases where the picking of colored balls is biased so that balls of one color are more likely to be picked than balls of another color.

  3. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

    To do this, one should pick n as a multiple of 213, because then ⁠ 113n / 213 ⁠ is an integer; one then drops n needles, and hopes for exactly x = ⁠ 113n / 213 ⁠ successes. If one drops 213 needles and happens to get 113 successes, then one can triumphantly report an estimate of π accurate to six decimal places. If not, one can just do ...

  4. Lottery mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery_mathematics

    Since ,, =,, the probability of obtaining the score of 2 and the bonus ball is , = = %, approximate decimal odds of 1 in 81.2. The general formula for B {\displaystyle B} matching balls in a N {\displaystyle N} choose K {\displaystyle K} lottery with one bonus ball from the N {\displaystyle N} pool of balls is:

  5. Probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution

    A discrete probability distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable that can take on only a countable number of values [15] (almost surely) [16] which means that the probability of any event can be expressed as a (finite or countably infinite) sum: = (=), where is a countable set with () =.

  6. Gambling mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_mathematics

    The mathematics of gambling is a collection of probability applications encountered in games of chance and can get included in game theory.From a mathematical point of view, the games of chance are experiments generating various types of aleatory events, and it is possible to calculate by using the properties of probability on a finite space of possibilities.

  7. Law of large numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers

    This image illustrates the convergence of relative frequencies to their theoretical probabilities. The probability of picking a red ball from a sack is 0.4 and black ball is 0.6. The left plot shows the relative frequency of picking a black ball, and the right plot shows the relative frequency of picking a red ball, both over 10,000 trials.

  8. Notation in probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probability...

    The probability is sometimes written to distinguish it from other functions and measure P to avoid having to define "P is a probability" and () is short for ({: ()}), where is the event space, is a random variable that is a function of (i.e., it depends upon ), and is some outcome of interest within the domain specified by (say, a particular ...

  9. Benford's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 January 2025. Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small For the unrelated adage, see Benford's law of controversy. The distribution of first digits, according to Benford's law. Each bar represents a digit, and the height of the bar is the percentage of ...