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Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process where the reactant is elevated to a state of higher energy, an excited state.The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss–Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place.
Photolysis occurs in the atmosphere as part of a series of reactions by which primary pollutants such as hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react to form secondary pollutants such as peroxyacyl nitrates. See Photochemical smog. The two most important photodissociation reactions in the troposphere are firstly:
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary approach of research draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, climatology and other disciplines to understand both natural and human-induced changes in atmospheric ...
In a reversible photochemical reaction between compounds A and B, there will therefore be a "forwards" reaction of at a rate proportional to and a "backwards" reaction of at a rate proportional to . The ratio of the rates of the forward and backwards reactions determines where the equilibrium lies, and thus the photostationary state is found at:
Photochemical air quality models have become widely utilized tools for assessing the effectiveness of control strategies adopted by regulatory agencies. These models are large-scale air quality models that simulate the changes of pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere by characterizing the chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere.
Photochemical reactions are initiated by the absorption of a photon, typically in the wavelength range 290–700 nm (at the surface of the Earth). The energy of an absorbed photon is transferred to electrons in the molecule and briefly changes their configuration (i.e., promotes the molecule from a ground state to an excited state ).
Photochemical reactions are defined as, “a chemical reaction initiated by the absorption of energy in the form of light”. [37] These reactions often result in the production of photo-chemical oxidants , such as nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), and other peroxy compounds in the atmosphere.
Photochemical action plots are a scientific tool used to understand the effects of different wavelengths of light on photochemical reactions.The methodology involves exposing a reaction solution to the same number of photons at varying monochromatic wavelengths, monitoring the conversion or reaction yield of starting materials and/or reaction products.