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The Soft Systems Methodology was developed primarily by Peter Checkland, through 10 years of research with his colleagues, such as Brian Wilson.The method was derived from numerous earlier systems engineering processes, primarily from the fact traditional 'hard' systems thinking was not able to account for larger organisational issues, with many complex relationships.
Hard systems approaches such as systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on, assume that the problems associated with such systems are well-defined and likely to have a single, optimum solution, so a problem-solving approach will work well as technical factors tend to predominate.
The term "problem structuring methods" as a label for these techniques began to be used in the 1980s in the field of operations research, [8] especially after the publication of the book Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict. [9]
Soft systems methodology, including the CATWOE approach and rich pictures. Systemic design, for example using the double diamond approach. System dynamics of stocks, flows, and internal feedback loops. Viable system model: uses 5 subsystems.
Critical systems thinking (CST) is a systems approach designed to aid decision-makers, and other stakeholders, improve complex problem situations that cross departmental and, often, organizational boundaries. CST sees systems thinking as essential to managing multidimensional 'messes' in which technical, economic, organizational, human ...
Soft systems methodology (SSM) was influential, acknowledging conflicting worldviews and people's purposeful actions, and a systems view on creativity. However, more important, SOD is inspired by critical systems thinking and approaches systems theories in an eclectic way transforming the thoughts of the different theories to fit the design ...
Business Process Modeling Notation Example. Systems modeling or system modeling is the interdisciplinary study of the use of models to conceptualize and construct systems in business and IT development. [2] A common type of systems modeling is function modeling, with specific techniques such as the Functional Flow Block Diagram and IDEF0.
The soft systems methodology was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year action research programme. The main contributor is Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK), a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University.