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Map of the Roman Empire during the reign of emperor Hadrian, 125 AD. The borders of the Roman Empire, which fluctuated throughout the empire's history, were realised as a combination of military roads and linked forts, natural frontiers (most notably the Rhine and Danube rivers) and man-made fortifications which separated the lands of the empire from the countries beyond.
Under the Roman Republic, which had no standing army, their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison.There were two types: [1] [2] Roman colonies, coloniae civium Romanorum or coloniae maritimae, as they were often built near the sea, e.g. Ostia (350 BC) and Rimini (268 BC).
Map showing Roman colonies as of the mid-2nd century AD. Augustus' "Roman coloniae" in north Africa are depicted in red. It was an old custom in ancient Italy to send out colonies for the purpose of securing new conquests. The Romans, having no standing army, used to plant bodies of their own citizens in conquered towns as a kind of garrison.
Tabula Peutingeriana (section of a modern facsimile), top to bottom: Dalmatian coast, Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, Sicily, African Mediterranean coast. Tabula Peutingeriana (Latin for 'The Peutinger Map'), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula, [1] Peutinger tables [2] or Peutinger Table, is an illustrated itinerarium (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus, the ...
The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter 1908 European colonization map. The world's colonial population at the outbreak of the First World War (1914) – a high point for colonialism – totalled about 560 million people, of whom 70% lived in British possessions, 10% in French possessions, 9% in Dutch possessions, 4% in Japanese possessions, 2% in ...
The Dissolution of the Colonial Empires (1989) Benjamin, Thomas, ed. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 (2006). Ermatinger, James. ed. The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 vol 2018) Higham, C. S. S. History Of The British Empire (1921) online free; James, Lawrence. The Illustrated Rise and Fall of the British Empire (2000)
Map of the European Union in the world, with Overseas Countries and Territories and Outermost Regions. Postcolonialism is a term used to recognize the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period designated as after-the-colonial.
Free people not considered citizens, but living within the Roman world, were peregrini, non-Romans. [113] In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire. This legal egalitarianism required a far-reaching revision of existing laws that distinguished between citizens and non-citizens. [114]